Chemical potential

Classical thermodynamics

Definition:

$\mu =\left.{\frac {\partial G}{\partial N}}\right\vert _{T,p}$

where $G$ is the Gibbs energy function, leading to

Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {A}{Nk_{B}T}}+{\frac {pV}{Nk_{B}T}}}

where $A$ is the Helmholtz energy function, $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant, $p$ is the pressure, $T$ is the temperature and Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle V} is the volume.

Statistical mechanics

The chemical potential is the derivative of the Helmholtz energy function with respect to the number of particles

Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle \mu =\left.{\frac {\partial A}{\partial N}}\right\vert _{T,V}={\frac {\partial (-k_{B}T\ln Z_{N})}{\partial N}}=-{\frac {3}{2}}k_{B}T\ln \left({\frac {2\pi mk_{B}T}{h^{2}}}\right)+{\frac {\partial \ln Q_{N}}{\partial N}}}

where $Z_{N}$ is the partition function for a fluid of $N$ identical particles

Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle Z_{N}=\left({\frac {2\pi mk_{B}T}{h^{2}}}\right)^{3N/2}Q_{N}}

and Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle Q_{N}} is the configurational integral

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Q_N = \frac{1}{N!} \int ... \int \exp (-U_N/k_B T) dr_1...dr_N}

See also

• Ideal gas: Chemical potential